Primary election

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A main election is a process whereby the general public can indicate their preference for a candidate in an upcoming general election or through an election, thus narrowing the field of candidates.

Introduction is used in various countries around the world. Its origins can be traced to a progressive movement in the United States, which aims to take on the nominating power of candidates from party leaders to the people. Political parties control the method of nominating candidates for positions on behalf of the party.

Other methods for selecting candidates include caucuses, conventions, and nomination meetings.

Video Primary election

Type

General

Where primary elections are organized by parties, not administrations, two types of elections are generally distinguishable:

• Closed primer . (synonym: internal preliminary, party preliminary election) In a closed preliminary case, the election of the principal, or the election of party members, only party members can vote.
• Open primary . All voters can take part in the open primary and can vote on any party's ballot. The party may ask them to express their support for the party's values ​​and pay a small contribution to the main costs.

United States

In the United States, other types can be distinguished:

• Closed primer . People can vote in the main party only if they are registered members of that party before election day. Independents can not participate. Note that since some political parties call themselves independent, the terms "non-partisan" or "unaffiliated" often replace "independent" when referring to those who are not affiliated with political parties. Eleven states - Delaware, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, District of Columbia, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming - have made preliminary closures.
• Semi-closed . As in the preliminary election, registered party members can vote only in their own party. The semi-closed system, however, allows unaffiliated voters to participate as well. Depending on the state, independent persons make their own choice of party in a primary, in a voting booth, or publicly, by registering with any party on Election Day. Fourteen states - Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah and West Virginia - have semi-closed preliminaries that allow voters to register or change party preferences on election day.
• Open primary . A registered voter can vote in one of the main parties regardless of his own party affiliation. Eleven states - Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Hawaii, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Vermont, and Wisconsin - have an open introduction. When the voter does not register with the party before the primary, it is called the pick-a-party primary because the voter can choose which party he wants to vote on election day. Because of the open nature of this system, a practice known as invasion can occur. The assault consists of voters from one party who cross and vote in the main party, effectively enabling the party to help elect the opposition candidate. The theory is that opposing party members choose the weakest candidates from opposing parties to give an advantage to their own party in the general election. An example of this can be seen in Vector's 1998 sen- tinal primary with Fred Tuttle's nomination as a Republican candidate in the general election.
• Semi-open . A registered voter does not need to publicly announce which political party they will choose before entering the voting booth. When voters identify themselves with election officials, they must request a special party ballot. [in conflict with sentence number 6? | Only one ballot is cast by each voter. In many countries with semi-open preliminary elections, election officials or polling officers from their respective parties record each election of the electorate and grant access to this information. The main difference between a semi open and open primary system is the use of a special party ballot. In a semi-open primary, public declarations before an election judge are made and a special party ballot is given to voters to cast. Certain countries that use the open-primary format can print one vote and the voters must vote on the ballot itself which political party candidates they will elect for the contested office.
• Main blanket . A primer where the ballots are not limited to candidates from one party.
• Nonpartisan blanket primary . A primer in which ballot papers are not limited to candidates from one party, in which the top two candidates go to general elections regardless of party affiliation. Louisiana has been famously operating under this system, which has been dubbed the "forest primer." California has been using nonpartisan primer blankets since 2012 after passing Proposition 14 in 2010, and the state of Washington has been using a nonpartisan primary quilt since 2008.

Maps Primary election

Primary in the United States

The United States is one of several countries to vote for candidates by popular vote in the primary electoral system; most countries rely on party leaders to vote for candidates, as previously happened in the US. In modern politics, the main election has been described as a significant vehicle for making decisions from political insiders to voters, although this is denied by political choice. research science. The election of candidates for federal, state and local elections takes place in the primary elections held by the public administration for the general electorate community to participate in for the purpose of nominating the respective candidate's official candidates; the country's voters began the election process for governors and legislators through the main process, as well as for many local officials from the city council for regional commissioners. Candidates who move from primary to successful in elections take public office.

Non-partisan

Primary can be used in nonpartisan elections to reduce the set of candidates who proceed to the general election ( main qualification ). (In the US, many city, district and school council elections are generally non-partisan.) Generally, if a candidate receives more than 50% of the vote in the primary, he is automatically elected, without having to run again in the general election. If no candidate receives a majority vote, twice as many candidates are graduating from the main party as may win the election, so the main single-seat election will allow the top two top candidates to participate in the next general election.

Blanket

When qualifying eligible is applied to partisan election, it becomes what is commonly known as a blanket or primary Louisiana: normally, if no candidate wins the majority in the primary, the two candidates receive the highest plurality, regardless of party affiliation , go to elections that are essentially an overflow. This often has the effect of eliminating small parties from general elections, and often elections into one party election. Unlike the plurality voting system, the run-off system meets the Condorcet loser criteria that the winning candidate will not be beaten in a two-way race with every other candidate.

Because many Washington residents were disappointed by the loss of their main blanket, which Washington State Grange helped institutionalize in 1935, the Grange proposed Initiative 872 in 2004 to establish a main blanket for a partisan race, thereby allowing voters to once again cross the party line in the main election. Both candidates with the most votes then advance to elections, regardless of their party affiliation. Proponents claim to bring back voter choice; Opponents say excluding a third party and independent of an election ballot could result in a Democratic or Republican race only in certain districts, and in fact would reduce voter choice. The initiative was submitted to the public vote in November 2004 and ratified. On July 15, 2005, the initiative was found unconstitutional by the US District Court for the Western District of Washington. The Supreme Court heard of Grange's appeal on the case in October 2007. In March 2008, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of 2 Grange-sponsored primers, citing the lack of convincing evidence to overturn voter-approved initiatives.

In elections using an electoral system in which strategic nominations are concerned, a preliminary election can be very important in preventing "clone" candidates who separate their voters because of their similarity. Primary allows political parties to vote and unite behind one candidate. However, tactical elections are sometimes of concern in non-partisan preliminary elections because opposing party members can choose weaker candidates for easier elections.

In California, under the Proposition 14 (Top Two Candidates Open Primary Act), a voter-approved referendum, in all races except for it for the US central and regional committee offices, all candidates taking part in the primary election regardless of the party will appear on a single primary election vote and voters can vote for any candidate, with the top two overall ballot seekers moving into elections regardless of party. The effect of this is that it would be possible for two Republicans or two Democrats to compete against each other in an election if the candidate receives the ultimate primary election support.

Partisans

As a result of a federal court decision in Idaho, the Idaho Legislature 2011 pass House Bill 351 implements a closed primary system.

Oregon is the first American country where primary binding elections are conducted entirely via the internet. The election was held by the Independent Party of Oregon in July 2010.

Presenter president

In the United States, Iowa and New Hampshire have attracted attention every four years because they hold the first caucus and primary elections, respectively, and often give candidates the momentum to win their party nominations.

The criticism of the current presidential election timetable is that it gives undue weight to some states with early preliminary elections, since these countries often build momentum for key candidates and get rid of candidates who are left well before other countries even have a chance to weigh, leaving the last state with almost no actual input on the process. However, the argument contrary to this criticism is that, by subjecting the candidates to the examination of some early states, the parties may remove the unworthy candidates for the post.

The Democratic National Committee (DNC) proposes a new timetable and new rules set for the 2008 presidential election. Among the changes: the main electoral cycle will start almost a year earlier than the previous cycle, countries from the West and South will be included in the beginning of the schedule, and candidates nominating in the primary elections are not held in accordance with the DNC's proposed Schedule (because the DNC has no direct control over the official election schedule of each state) will be punished by being stripped of delegates won in offending countries. The New York Times called the move, "the biggest change in the way Democrats have nominated their presidential candidates in 30 years."

The record of the proposed 2008 Presidential DNC election schedule is that it is against the rules of the Republican National Committee (RNC) regarding the presidential election. "No primary presidency, caucuses, conventions or other meetings may be held for the purpose of electing a presidential candidate and/or electing an alternative delegate or delegate to a national convention, before the first Tuesday of February in the year in which the national convention is held." In 2020, this is February 4th.

US Presidential candidates looking for their party nominations participate in major elections run by state governments, or caucuses run by political parties. Unlike elections in which the only participation is voting, the caucuses are meetings or "party party meetings designed to select candidates and propose policies". Both the primary and caucus elections are used in the presidential nomination process, starting in January or February and culminating in a political party convention late summer. Candidates may obtain convention delegates from each of the primary states or caucuses. The President sat generally not facing serious competition from their party.

Primary classification

While it is clear that the closed/semi-closed/semi-open/open classification used by scholars who study the primary systems does not fully explain the very nuanced differences seen from state to state, nonetheless, is extremely useful and has a real world. implications for voters, election officials, and candidates themselves.

As far as the voter is concerned, the allowable participation level for the weak and partisan partisans depends heavily on which category best describes the main system of their country. Clearly, open and semi-open systems support this type of voters, because they can choose which ones they choose on an annual basis under these models. In a closed primary system, true independent, for all practical purposes, closes the process.

This classification further affects the relationship between the main election and the commissioners and election officials. The more open the system, the greater the chance to invade, or voters who vote on the other party's party in hopes of getting a weaker opponent selected to advance against a strong candidate in the general election. Raiding has been proven to suppress relations between political parties, who feel cheated by the system, and election officials, who try to make the system run as smoothly as possible.

Perhaps the most dramatic effect of this classification system on the primary process is its influence on the candidates themselves. Whether an open or closed system determines the way a candidate runs their campaign. In a closed system, from the time a candidate qualifies for the first day, he tends to have to serve partisans, who tend to lean to the more extreme end of the ideological spectrum. In the general election, under the assumption of the Median Elector Theorem, the candidate must move more centrally in the hope of capturing plurality.

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Primary in Europe

In Europe, the introduction is not governed by the public administration but by the parties themselves. Legislation is mostly silent on the preliminary election. The main reason for this is that the electoral system used to form a government, be it proportional representation or a two-round system, reduces the need for an open primer.

The government is not involved in the process; however, parties may require their cooperation, especially in the case of open primary, e.g. to obtain a voter list, or to cover an area with sufficient number of TPS.

While the preliminaries are somewhat common in many European countries, some political parties in Europe have opted for an open, preliminary election. The parties generally set up a preliminary election to nominate a party leader (leader elections). The fundamental reason for that is that most European countries are parliamentary democracies. The national government comes from a majority in Parliament, which means that the head of government is generally the leader of the winning party. France is one exception to this rule.

Closed Introduction occurs in many European countries, while the open introduction so far only occurs in socialist and social-democratic parties in Greece and Italy, while the French Socialist Party held its first open primaries in France in October 2011.

One of the most recent developments is the preliminary organizing at the European level. The European parties leading elections so far are the European Green Party (EGP) and the European Socialist Party (PES).

Italy

In Italy, the first primaries were made on October 16, 2005. This led to the appointment of Romano Prodi as the leader of the Olive Tree coalition, which garnered several centers and left-wing parties, for legislative elections 9 and 10 April 2006 Several coalition parties decided to form one party big left-middle: the Democratic Party, which uses the primary vote to elect its candidate to the prime minister.

French

In France, elections follow a two-round system. In the first half, all eligible candidates (eg, by obtaining minimum signature support from elected officials) are on the ballot. In practice, each candidate usually represents a political party, large or small. In the second half, held two weeks later, the top two candidates face each other, with the losing candidate usually supporting one of the two finalists.

The means used by candidates of established political parties have evolved. Until 2012, none of the six presidents elected by direct election face a competitive internal election.

• Rights do not often hold major elections to decide on their national candidates.
  • In 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy, the President of the UMP, arranged a "major" agreement without an opponent. He won by 98% and made his nomination speech afterwards.
  • In 2016, Republicans held, on November 20 and 27, a preliminary election to determine their Presidential candidate for 2017.
• But on the left side, the Socialist Party, which helped Franç§ois Mitterrand win the presidency for 14 years, has been plagued by internal divisions since the latter left politics. Rather than form a new party, which is a habit on the right wing, the party begins to elect its candidates internally.
  • The first experiment in 1995: Lionel Jospin won a three-month nomination before the election. He lost in run-off to Jacques Chirac. Then in 2002, although Jospin's current candidacy-the undisputed PM in his party, each of the five left-wing governments he led sent a candidate, paved the way for the five men to lose by Nader's effect. li>
  • The idea made progress as the 2007 race drew closer, after a referendum on the European constitution ended. The latter shows a strong ideological divide in the left-wing spectrum, and the Socialist Party itself. This prevents a primary possibility that covers the entire left wing, which will provide support to a presidential candidate. Given that there is no majority supported either leader or split, the registration campaign, allows membership only 20 euros, and a closed primary is held, which SÃÆ' Â © golÃÆ'¨ne Royal wins. He qualified for a national run that he lost to Nicolas Sarkozy.
  • In 2011, the Socialist Party decided to organize the first open primary in France to elect the Socialist party and the Radical Left candidate party for the 2012 presidential election. Inspired by the US preliminaries of 2008, it was seen as a way to revive the party. This idea was first proposed by Terra Nova, a left-leaning independent think tank, in a 2008 report. It was also criticized for resisting the nature of the regime. Open primary is not organized state: party takes over all election procedures, plans to prepare 10,000 voting polls. All citizens on the voter list, members of the Socialist party and the Left Radical Party, and members of the youth organizations of the parties (MJS and JRG), including children aged 15 to 18, are eligible to vote in exchange for a euro to cover costs. More than 3 million people participated in this first open primary, which was considered a success, and former party leader FranÃÆ'§ois Hollande was named as a Socialist and Radical candidate for the 2012 presidential election.
• The other party arranged the selection of candidates to elect their candidates, such as the European Ecologie - Les Verts (EE-LV) (2006, 2011, 2016), and the French Communist Party in 2011.
• At the local level, selection of candidates is a rule for Socialist Party candidates, but this is usually uncompetitive. In order to tame the potential for feuding in his party, and prepare the ground for a long campaign, Sarkozy pushed to close the primer in 2006 to appoint a UMP candidate for the 2008 Paris Mayor election. FranÃÆ'§oise de Panafieu was elected in a four-way race. However, he did not reach the mayor two years later.

Russian

The first preliminary election in Russian history was held in May 2000 in St. Petersburg. Petersburg, the local branch of Yabloko's parties and the Union of Right Forces, which before the election of the Governor offered citizens to elect a candidate from the democratic opposition.

In 2007, before parliamentary elections, United Russia held elections in several areas. However, the results are not quite taken into account when nominating candidates from the party. For example, the US congress included in the list of regional parties in the Samara region is not a winner of the primaries but those who did not even participate in the primaries.

In the same year of 2007, A Just Russia held a preliminary election to determine the candidate for the election of the Governor of Altai Krai. Anyone can choose them, where special items are opened. However, in the future, A Just Russia does not start to pursue the introduction.

In 2011, United Russia, together with the All-Russian People's Front, held a preliminary election for candidate nomination for parliamentary elections. This sound is called "All-People's Primaries", but it is not. Candidates for the preliminary election are selected by a special committee. Not even all party members have the right to vote, but only about 200,000 elected voters. In addition, voting results in the primaries are in most cases ignored. Of the 80 list of regional groups of candidates for State Duma, nominated by the United Russia congress, only 8 lists coincide with the list of winners of the primaries. All the same, the event played a role in the removal of candidates: there were cases when the current State Duma deputy, having seen that they did not enjoy the support of the voters, withdrew their candidacy.

In the future, United Russia sometimes uses an "open" preliminary model, which allows voting for all interested voters. In 2014, in the inaugural "Unite Russia" elections prior to the Moscow City Duma election, every citizen of Moscow can vote, and not just the registered voters.

In 2016, the election of candidates for parliamentary elections is held by four parties: the Russian Union, the People's Freedom Party, the Growth Party and the Green Alliance. The most massive is May 22, 2016, the introduction of United Russia, which can elect every citizen who has active electoral rights. However, the preliminary, as well as before, election was not binding for the leadership of the United Nations of Russia: a number of preliminary winning winners were withdrawn by the leadership without explanation of the reasons, and in 18 single-seat party constituencies did not nominate each candidate. A striking example is the Nizhny Tagil constituency, in which a candidate from United Russia is approved by a candidate, who takes 4th place in the primaries. Finally, a number of candidates were included in the party list on the proposal of party leader Dmitry Medvedev from among those who did not even participate in the primaries.

In 2017, the Growth Party holds a prelude to candidate nominations for presidential elections. This is the president's first presidential election in Russian history. However, voting for candidates will be conducted over the internet within three months, and, according to a party spokesperson, preliminary election results will not be required for candidate nominations and party conventions may nominate another candidate who did not even participate in the primaries, or not nominate candidates and support President Vladimir Putin, if he decides to be re-elected.

United Kingdom

For the 2010 elections, the Conservative Party used an open, preliminary election to elect two candidates to the House of Representatives. A further open advance is used to select some Conservative candidates for 2015 general elections, and there is hope that others can apply for future candidates in this way.

Socialist party

In the fall of 2011, here is how the twenty-nine members of the socialist, social-democratic and labor party of the European Socialist Party (PES) have appointed their party leaders.

• Only three parties are holding open primaries: France (PS), Greece (?????), Italy (PD)
• Closure closed on nine sides: Belgium (sp.a, PS), Cyprus (????), Denmark (SD), France (PS) through 2011, Ireland (LP), Netherlands (PvdA), Portugal (PS), United Kingdom (Labor)
  The British Labor Party election case is specific, as three electoral colleges each contribute one-third of the vote, participating in this election: Members of the Labor Parliament and the European Parliament, party members and members of affiliated organizations such as trade unions.
• The appointment of party leaders was made by party congresses in the remaining eighteen parties: Austria (SPÃÆ'â €) Bulgaria, Czech Republic (SSD), Estonia (SDE), Finland (SDP), Germany ( SPD), Hungary (MSZP), Latvia (LSDSP), Lithuania (SDPL), Luxembourg (LSAP), Malta (LP), Poland (SLD, UP), Romania (PSD), Slovakia (SMER-SD), Slovenia ), Spanish (PSOE), Swedish (SAP), United Kingdom/Northern Ireland (SDLP)

European Union

With a view to European elections, many European political parties are considering holding presidential elections.

Indeed, the Lisbon treaty, which came into force in December 2009, stipulates that election results for the European Parliament should be taken into account in electing the President of the Commission; The Commission is in some respects an executive branch of the European Union and therefore its president may be considered the prime minister of the European Union. Therefore, parties are encouraged to appoint their candidates to the president of the Commission ahead of the next election in 2014, to enable voters to vote with full knowledge of the facts. Many movements now ask for a preliminary to appoint these candidates.

• Already in April 2004, the former British conservative MEP, Tom Spencer, advocated an American-style introduction to the European Peoples Party: "A series of major elections will be held at two-week intervals in February and March 2009. The preliminary election will start in the five smallest countries and continue every two weeks to five major votes by the end of March To avoid flooding by parties from the big powers, one can divide the number of votes cast for each candidate in each country, with the weight of the country's voting in the Council of Ministers Candidates for the post of president must declare on 1 January 2009. "
• In July 2013, the European Green Party (EGP) announced that it will run its first open primary across Europe in preparation for European elections by 2014. It should be open to all EU citizens over the age of 16 who "support green values. "They selected two transnational candidates who will be the face of the general campaign of the European green party incorporated in the EGP, and who is also their candidate for the presidency of the European Commission.
• After the European Socialist Party's defeat during the European elections of June 2009, the PES Congress that took place in Prague in December 2009 made the decision that PES will appoint its own candidate before the 2014 European election. The campaign for primary PES was then launched by PES supporters in June 2010 , and succeeded in convincing the PES Board meeting in Warsaw in December 2010 to form the "Candidate 2014" Working Group, which proposed procedures and schedules for a transparent and transparent "" process of appointment bringing all parties and all levels within parties. "

The European Notre Europe Think-tanks also aroused the idea that European political parties should appoint their candidate to the vice president/high representative of the Union for foreign affairs. This will cause European parties to have "presidential tickets" on the American model.

Finally, the European Parliament considers introducing the requirements for internal democracy in the rules on the laws of European political parties. Therefore, the European party must involve individual members in major decisions such as appointing a presidential candidate.

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Primary in Canada

As in Europe, the nominees and leadership election meetings (somewhat similar to the primary elections) in Canada are not governed by the public administration but by the party itself. Political parties participate in federal elections to the House of Commons, in legislative elections in all ten provinces, and in Yukon. (Legislative and election in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut not partisan.)

Local candidates

Usually, in the months before the anticipated general election, the local horse association of a political party in each electoral district will schedule and announce the Nomination Meeting (similar to the nominated caucus in the United States). Prospective candidates will then submit nomination papers with the association, and will usually devote time to requesting existing party members, and to enlist new party members who will also support them at the nomination meetings. At the meeting, usually each candidate will speak, and then the members present will vote. The most frequently used electoral system is a comprehensive voting system; if no candidate has more than 50% of the vote, the candidate with the lowest number of votes will be dropped and another vote will be held. In addition, other candidates who acknowledge that they may not win can draw votes among ballots, and may "cast their support" to (encourage their own supporters to vote) other candidates. After the nomination meeting, candidates and associations will obtain approval from the party headquarters, and submit candidate nomination papers and the necessary fees and deposits with the Canadian Elections or the appropriate provincial/territorial electoral commission.

Sometimes, party headquarters may cancel the candidate selected association; for example, if any scandalous information about the candidate is revealed after the nomination. A party headquarters can also "parody" a leading candidate into a winning race, so there is no need to hold a nominating meeting. This situation only appears not often, as they tend to cause disappointment among party supporters.

Party leader

Canadian political parties also organize the election of their own party leaders. Not only are party leaders running in their own seats, they will either be Prime Ministers (in federal elections) or Premier (in provinces or territories) if their party wins the most seats. If the party wins the second most seats, the party leader will be the Official Opposition Leader; if the party comes third or lower, leaders will remain recognized as their party leaders, and will be responsible for coordinating the activities and affairs of their party caucuses in the legislature.

In the past, Canadian political parties elected party leaders through the votes of delegates to the Leadership Convention. Local equestrian associations will choose delegates, usually in a manner similar to how they will vote for candidates for election. These delegates usually say explicitly which leadership candidates they will support. The delegates, as well as other delegates ( for example seated members of Parliament or legislative parties, or delegates from party-affiliated organizations such as unions in the case of the New Democratic Party), would then choose, again using the method thorough voice, until a leader is selected.

Source of the article : Wikipedia