VideoGuard (sometimes referred to simply as NDS ), produced by NDS, is a digital encryption system for use with conditional access television broadcasts. These are used on digital satellite television systems - some of which are operated by News Corporation, which has about half (49%) of NDS up to sales to Cisco in 2012. Two of its most widely used applications are BSkyB's Sky in Great Britain and Ireland and DirecTV in United States, which previously launched a digital version of the system in 1998. Several other broadcasters around the world use VideoGuard systems, including DirecTV (Colombia), DirecTV (LatinAmerica), Hot (Israel), Ya (Israel), Viasat (Scandinavia) , SKY Italy (Italy), Sky Brazil (Brazil), Sky Network Television (New Zealand), Foxtel (Australia), Airtel DigitalTV (India), Tata Sky & amp; Hathway (DVB-C) (India), Astro (Malaysia), TrueVisions (Thailand), D-Smart (Turkey), TotalTV (Balkan), ONO (Spain), Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Canada), China Central Television (China) (TV), TV Station STAR/Fox International (Asia), Cignal Digital TV (Philippines), Indovision (Indonesia), Telecom Italia (Italy), OTAU TV (Kazakhstan), OTE TV (Greece), Oi TV (Brazil).
Since most content provided by companies like BSkyB requires subscriptions, VideoGuard protects the content by encrypting standard subscription channels and pay-per-view movies and events. Access flags can be downloaded to the customer card either by air (via a 'hidden' data stream) or by using a built-in modem in the box, allowing for quick change of channel packets and ordering events.
Already in use in America since 1997, the VideoGuard system was introduced to the UK by NDS in 1998 with the launch of Sky Digital, replacing the VideoCrypt system (also provided by NDS) used on Sky analog broadcasts. Despite the widespread piracy of DirecTV's US service between 1997 and 2002, implementation in the UK remains secure until 2014 when a BBC investigation revealed that several companies in south London offer pirated Sky TV that sells for  £ 10 per month. The BBC report quotes Keith Cottenden, director of forensic services at Cy4or consultants, said in February 2014 that there were areas in Britain where those who hacked satellite TV outnumbered the audience who paid legally.
Various pay per view deficiencies have been identified in the past, related only to circuits from set-top boxes (STBs), rather than NDS cards. It is alleged that the version originally used by Sky is not secure or almost damaged, since software updates are rolled out to all the boxes required to replace BSkyB subscriber cards. However, wholesale card replacement is rare, it has happened only twice during the lifetime of Sky Digital - once in 2002/2003, and again in 2009 (replacements were made between April and June).
Although most commonly used to protect pay TV, VideoGuard is also used by many non-subscribed broadcasters to enforce restrictions on geographic rights. VideoGuard has been used by BBC, ITV, and Channel 4 to limit non-English views, although in recent years this broadcaster has moved to FTA broadcasting on the more limited geographic footprint of Astra's 2D satellite which, in particular, does not focus entirely on English and Irish. In some cases, encryption is still used in some versions of ITV and Channel 4 services where the rights issue or lack of capacity on Astra's 2D satellite becomes a problem.
Many broadcasters choose to pair their cards, meaning that the paired card (also called "married") can only be used in the STB provided by a particular broadcaster, or by using the serial number of the recipient with one of reverse-engineered solution. In the case of Sky, all cards are married to certain STBs, although almost all non-premium channels will still allow viewing even if the boxes and cards are not paired. Other channels, such as sports channels and Sky movies, are not viewable unless the display card is used in a special set of paired boxes.
Video VideoGuard
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Unusual VideoGuard in a valid external external-access module is not available, not an encryption system built into hardware and firmware from the set-top box provided by the platform. However, some groups have successfully re-engineered VideoGuard to the point where legitimate customer cards can be used in third-party recipients to decrypt channels in which the customer is authorized to view them. A CAM emulator software exists for Dreambox & amp; Triple-Dragon Linux satellite receiver, along with Diablo, Dragon, Giga-Blue and T-Rex conditional access modules. Some reverse-engineered solutions can not update the card, which means a valid card must be returned to the official Sky receiver for several hours (or overnight) to refresh, or the program will no longer decrypt. An example of a reverse-engineered solution that supports card renewals is NDSCam.
Maps VideoGuard
Sky 2009 card reimbursement
Until the end of March 2009, BSkyB has begun issuing replacement NDS smart cards. These new cards are believed to close the gap of current CAM software.
References
External links
- the official NDS website - technical and business information on VideoGuard
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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