Warwick Castle is a medieval castle developed from the original building constructed by William the Conqueror in 1068. Warwick is a county town of Warwickshire, England, situated at the bend of the River Avon. The original motte-and-bailey castle was rebuilt in stone in the 12th century. During the Hundred Years War, the facade across the city was proved again, producing one of the best known examples of 14th century military architecture. It was used as a fortress until the early 17th century, when it was given to Sir Fulke Greville by James I in 1604. Greville transformed it into a country house and owned by the Greville family, who became Earls of Warwick in 1759, until 1978 when it was purchased by Tussauds Group.
In 2007, Tussauds Group was purchased by The Blackstone Group which combined it with Merlin Entertainments; Warwick Castle is then sold to investment firm Nick Leslau, Prestbury Group under a sales and leaseback agreement. Merlin continues to operate the site under a 35 year lease renewable.
Video Warwick Castle
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Warwick Castle is located in the town of Warwick, on a rock cliff at the bend of the River Avon. The river, which stretches beneath the castle on the east side, has eroded the stone fortress that stands above, forming a cliff. Rivers and cliffs form a natural defense. When construction began in 1068, four houses belonging to the Coventry Priory were destroyed to provide space. The position of the castle is strategically very important in keeping the Midlands from rebellion. During the 12th century, King Henry I was suspicious of Roger de Beaumont, Earl of Warwick the 2nd. To compensate for the earl's influence, Henry gave Geoffrey de Clinton a position of power that rivaled the earl. The land given to him included Kenilworth - a castle of comparable size, cost, and interest, founded by Clinton - which is about 8 kilometers (5 mi) to the north. Warwick Castle is about 1.6 kilometers (1 mi) from Warwick railway station and less than 3.2 kilometers (2.0 million) from junction 15 of the M40 highway; It is also close to Birmingham Airport.
Maps Warwick Castle
History
Antecedent
An Anglo-Saxon Burh was founded on the site in 914; with a fortress instigated by Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred the Great. The Burh he founded was one of ten that defended Mercia against the attacking Danish people. Its position makes it possible to dominate Fosse Street, as well as river valleys and across the Avon River. Although the motte in the southwest of the castle is now called "Ethelfleda's Mound", it is actually part of Norman's later castle, and not of Anglo-Saxon origin.
It's also nowadays that what is now a Warwick School was set up in the castle - making it arguably the oldest boy school in the country. It is still just above the river Avon, but a stone's throw, and visible from all the castle towers.
Medieval
After the Norman conquest of England, William the Conqueror founded the motte-and-bailey castle in Warwick in 1068 to maintain control of the Midlands as he advanced north. Building a castle in a pre-existing settlement may require destruction of property on the site in question. In the case of Warwick, the fewest recorded of 11 urban castles in 1086 surveys, four houses were demolished to make way for the castle. A motte-and-bailey castle consists of bumps - which usually stand as towers or towers - and a bailey, which is a covered courtyard. William appointed Henry de Beaumont, the son of a powerful Norman family, as the castle police. In 1088, Henry de Beaumont was made the first Earl of Warwick. He founded the Church of All Saints within the walls of the fortress in 1119; The bishop of Worcester, believing that a castle is an inappropriate location for a church, was removed in 1127-28.
In 1153, the wife of Roger de Beaumont, the second Earl of Warwick, was deceived into believing that her husband had died, and surrendered control of the castle to the invading army of Henry of Anjou, then King Henry II of England. According to Gesta Regis Stephani , a 12th century historical text, Roger de Beaumont died after hearing news that his wife had handed over the castle. King Henry II then restored the castle to the Earls of Warwick, for they were supporters of his mother, the consort of Matilda, in The Anarchy of 1135-1154.
During the reign of King Henry II (1154-89), the motte-and-bailey was replaced with a stone fortress. This new phase takes the form of a shell with all the buildings built on the curtain wall. During the Barons' Rebellion in 1173-74, the Earl of Warwick remained faithful to King Henry II, and the fort was used to store supplies. The castles and land associated with the earldom were inherited to the Beaumont family until 1242. When Thomas de Beaumont, the 6th Earl of Warwick died, the castle and land passed to his sister Margaret de Beaumont, Countess of Warwick to-7.. Her first husband, John Marshal, died soon after, and when she was looking for a suitable husband, the castle belonged to King Henry III of England. When he married John du Plessis in December 1242, the castle was returned to him. During the Second Baron War of 1264-67, William Maudit, the Earl of Warwick the 8th, was a supporter of King Henry III. The castle was taken in a surprise attack by the troops of Simon de Montfort, the 6th Earl of Leicester, from Kenilworth Castle in 1264. According to the 15th century historian John Rous, the wall along the northeast side of Warwick Castle is underestimated, so "that it should not there is power to the king ". Maudit and his countess were taken to Kenilworth Castle and held there until the ransom was paid. After the death of William Maudit in 1267, the title and castle were passed on to his nephew, William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick. After William's death, Warwick Castle passed through the seven generations of the Beauchamps, who, for the next 180 years, were responsible for most of the additions made to the castle. In 1312, Piers Gaveston, the 1st Earl of Cornwall, was captured by Guy de Beauchamp, the 10th Earl of Warwick, and imprisoned in Warwick Castle until execution on 9 June 1312. A group of great personalities led by the Earl of Warwick and Thomas, the 2nd Earl of Lancaster, accused Gaveston of stealing royal treasures.
Under Thomas de Beauchamp, the 11th Earl, the castle's defense was significantly enhanced at 1330-60 on the north east with the addition of gates, barbican, and towers on both sides of the reconstructed wall, named Caesar's Tower and Guy's Tower. Watergate towers also come from this period.
Caesar's and Guy's Towers are a place to stay and may be inspired by the French model (eg Bricquebec). Both towers are engines and Caesar's Tower has a unique double parapet. Both towers are also vaulted on each floor. Caesar's Tower contains a dingy basement; According to local legend originating from at least 1644, this tower is also known as the Poitiers Tower, either because prisoners from the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 may have been imprisoned there, or because ransom obtained from the fighting helped pay for its construction. This gatehouse has manhole holes, two drawbridges, gates, and portcullises gates made of wood or metal. The gates of the guardhouse were slipped.
Facade facing the river is designed as a symbol of Earl Beauchamp's strength and wealth and will be "minimal defense value"; it follows the trend of the 14th century palace to more power statements than specifically designed for military use.
15th and 16th centuries
The Earl Beauchamp line ended in 1449 when Anne de Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick, died. Richard Neville, Kingmaker , became the next Earl of Warwick through his inheritance legacy. During the summer of 1469, Neville rebelled against King Edward IV of England and imprisoned him at Warwick Castle. Neville tried to rule on behalf of the King; However, the constant protests by the King's supporters forced Earl to free King Edward IV. Neville was later killed in the Battle of Barnet, fought against the King in 1471 during the Rose War. Warwick Castle then passed from Neville to his son-in-law, George Plantagenet, Duke Clarence to-1 (King Edward IV's brother). George Plantagenet was executed in 1478, and the land was passed on to his son, Edward Plantagenet, the 17th Earl of Warwick; However, Edward Plantagenet was only two when his father died, so his land was taken in custody The Crown. He was placed under achievement, and could not inherit the throne, by King Henry VII of England, held by the King for fourteen years in the Tower of London until he was executed for high treason in 1499, purportedly conspiring to escape by 'pretender' Perkin Warbeck. Edward was Earl of Warwick last from the creation of the first title.
In the early 1480s, King Richard III of England (another son of Neville) incited the construction of two arms towers, Bear and Clarence Towers, which were left unfinished at the time of his death in 1485; with their own wells and ovens, the tower is an independent fortress of the rest of the castle, probably in case of rebellion by the garrison. With the appearance of gunpowder, the Keeper of the Artillery position was created in 1486.
When antiquary John Leland visited the castle some time between 1535 and 1543, he noted that:
... dungeons are now in ruins standing in the west-north-west part of the castle. There is also a north-west-west tower, and through it's iron-gate gate. All the castle's main lodges with halls and chapels are located on the south side of the castle, and here the king bears much of the cost in making the foundations on the rocks to defend the castle's side, as large pieces fall from the rocks that support it.
While in the care of The Crown, Warwick Castle underwent repairs and renovations using about 500 stone loads. Castles, as well as land associated with the earldom, were in Crown care from 1478 to 1547, when they were given to John Dudley with the second creation of the Earl of Warwick title. When making an attraction for the ownership of Dudley's fortress told of the condition of the castle: "... the castle itself can not propose good barons by train, to all sides of the castle with also the dungeon towers obviously destroyed and descended to the ground".
Warwick Castle has been devastated by age and negligence, and despite his remarks, Dudley did not start repairing to the castle. Queen Elizabeth I visited the castle in 1566 during a tour of the country, and again in 1572 for four nights. A wooden building was erected in the castle so he stayed, and Ambrose Dudley, the 3rd Earl of Warwick, left the castle to the Queen during his visit. When Ambrose Dudley died in 1590, the title of Earl of Warwick became extinct for the second time. A survey of 1590 noted that the castle was still in disrepair, noting that the tin had been stolen from the roofs of several castle buildings, including the chapel. In 1601, Sir Fulke Greville said that "the little stone building there, as powerful as in decay... so that in a very short time there will be nothing left except the name of Warwick." Greville was awarded Warwick Castle by King James I in 1604.
In the 17th century, the land turned into a garden. The castle's defense was enhanced in the 1640s to prepare the castle for action in the British Civil War. Robert Greville, 2 Baron Brooke, was a member of parliament, and Royalist forces surrounded the fort. Warwick Castle survives the siege and is then used to hold prisoners taken by MPs.
17th century country house
The conversion of the fortress coincided with a period of decline in the use of the palace during the 15th and 16th centuries; many are abandoned or converted into comfortable dwellings for nobles. At the beginning of the 17th century, Robert Smythson was assigned to draw a castle plan before any changes were made. In 1604, the devastating castle was given to Master Fulke Greville by King James I and converted into a country house. While the castle is undergoing repairs, it is peripherally involved in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. The conspirators involved awaited news of their plans at Dunchurch in Warwickshire. When they found the plan failed, they stole a cavalry horse from the stable at Warwick Castle to help them escape. When the title of Earl of Warwick was created for the third time in 1618, the Greville family still has the Warwick Castle. Fulke Greville spent more than Ã, Â £ 20,000 (Ã, Â £ 3 million by 2018). renovating the castle; according to William Dugdale, a 17th century antiquity, this makes it "a place not only of great power but of immense pleasure, with most pleasant gardens, walks and bushes, like this part of England can hardly be parallel". On September 1, 1628 Fulke Greville was murdered at Holborn by his servant: Ralph Haywood - a "gentleman" - who stabbed the baron twice after finding that he had only 8,000 pounds left in Greville's will. Greville died of his injuries four weeks later.
Under Robert Greville, 2 Baron Brooke, the defense of Warwick Castle was upgraded from January to May 1642 in preparation for attack during the First British Civil War. The walls of the garden were raised, bulwarks - barricades of beams and soil for mounted artillery - built and gunpowder and wheels for two cannons had been obtained. Robert Greville was a member of parliament, and on 7 August 1642, Royalist forces surrounded the fortress. Greville was not in the castle at the time and the garrison was under Sir Edward Peyto's command. Spencer Compton, 2nd Earl of Northampton, Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire ordered Royal forces. William Dugdale, acting as herald, summoned the garrison commander to hand over the castle, but he was rejected. The besieging troops fired on the castle, little effect. According to Richard Bulstrode:
... our efforts to extract it are useless, because we have only two small pieces brought from Earton's Compton House, and they are pulled to the top of the church tower, and thrown at the castle, which they can not hurt, but only making them afraid inside the castle, shooting into the street, and killing some of our people.
The siege was lifted on August 23, 1642 when the garrison was discharged by Robert Devereux's troops, the 3rd Earl of Essex, and the Royalists were forced to retreat to Worcester. After the Battle of Edgehill in 1642 - the first pitched battle of the British Civil War - prisoners were held at Caesar's and Guy's Towers. During the second British Civil War prisoners were again held at the castle, including those from the Battle of Worcester in 1651. A garrison was retained in the castle complete with artillery and supplies from 1643 to 1660, with the strongest number of 302 soldiers. In 1660, the British Council of State ordered the governors of the castle to dissolve the garrison and surrender the castle to Robert Greville, Baron Brooke to-4. The state apartments are found outdated and in poor repair. Under Roger and William Hurlbutt, the carpenter's master from Warwick, the extensive modernization of the interior was done, 1669-78. To ensure that they will be in the latest flavor, William is sent to Dorset to make a careful note on the recently completed interior of Kingston Lacy for Sir Ralph Bankes for design by Sir Roger Pratt. On 4 November 1695 the fortress was in sufficient condition to host a visit by King William III.
Francis Greville, 8th Baron Brooke, undertook a new remedial program to Warwick Castle and his yard. The 8th Baron Brooke was also awarded with the title of Earl of Warwick in 1759, the creation of all four titles. With the title recreation, the castle again became the owner of Warwick's ears. Daniel Garrett's work at Warwick was documented in 1748; Howard Colvin linked it to Gothick's interior in the Chapel. Lancelot "Ability" Brown has been around since 1749. Brown, who was still the head of a gardener in Stowe at the time and has not made his reputation as a major exponent of the British landscape park, was called by Lord Brooke to give Warwick Castle a more "natural" connection to the river. Brown simplified the long long stretch by sweeping it into the grass that fell right down to the river bank, stopping at each end with a thick grove of thick local trees. A serpentine drive gives the impression of a further distance between the front gate and the entrance of the castle.
Horace Walpole spotted Brown's increasingly mature scheme in 1751 and commented in a letter: "The castle is fascinating, the scenery pleases me more than I can tell, the Avon River falls below it, which is well laid out by one person. prepare some ideas about Kent and Mr. Southcote. "
In 1754, the poet Thomas Gray, a member of the Walpole Gothicing circle, commented with disgust about the activity at the castle:
... Ã, he (Francis Greville) has picked up a large apartment... and since being told that the square window is not Gothic, he has put some puffs into the glass, which appears to look like carvings. Then he had scooped up a little chunk on the mass walls where his little self and his children, hung with paper and printed lines, and chimney pieces carved, just like the Berkley-square or Argyle Building.
The mention of Gray from Argyle Buildings, Westminster, London, brings the connotation of an improper development of modern Georgian urbanity, since the building on Argyll Street is speculation for the design of James Gibbs, 1736-40.
Greville commissioned Italian painter Antonio Canaletto to paint the Warwick Castle in 1747, while the courtyard and garden gardens were landscaped by Brown. Five paintings and three pictures of the castle by Canaletto are known, making it the most frequently represented building by artists in England. The work of Canaletto in Warwick Castle has been described as "unique in art history as a series of views from an English house by a master continent". As well as the gardens, Greville commissioned Brown to rebuild the exterior entry porch and stairs to the Great Hall. Brown also donated Gothick designs for wooden bridges over Avon (1758). He still worked at Warwick Castle in 1760. Timothy Lightoler was responsible for the extended terrace and additional space added adjacent to it in 1763-69. and in the same year, William Lindley provided a new Dining Room and other interior changes. In 1786-88, local builder William Eboral was assigned to build a new greenhouse conservatory, with the main ornament of Warwick Vase, which was recently purchased in Rome.
In 1802 George Greville, the 2nd Earl of Warwick of the new creation, had debts of Ã, Â £ 115,000 (Ã, Â £ 9 million in 2018). The Earl's estates, including Warwick Castle, were awarded to the Earl of Galloway and John FitzPatrick, the 2nd Earl of Upper Ossory, in 1806, but the palace was restored to the Earl of Warwick in 1813. The Great Hall was reroofed and repaired in Gothic flavors on 1830-31 by Ambrose Poynter. Anthony Salvin was responsible for restoring the Watergate Tower in 1861-63. The castle was badly damaged by a fire in 1871 that started east of the Great Hall. Although the Great Hall was destroyed, the overall structure was not hurt. Salvin's recovery and reparations during 1872-75 were subsidized by public donations, which increased the total Ã, £ 9,651 (Ã, Â £ 830, thousand in 2018).
Advent tourism
People have been visiting this castle since the late 17th century and this has been increasingly important since the 19th century. In 1858 Queen Victoria visited the 4th earl with a great local celebration. However, in 1885 it would appear visitors to be a nuisance when the earl closes the castle to the visitor, causing concerns in the city. A local report stated, "One day last week, eight American visitors staying at one of the main hotels left with a bit of a hurry because they could not get into the castle". Soon it reopened again and in 1900 had a ticket office and used a permanent guide. In 1936, Arthur Mee was enthusiastic not just because "these walls have seen something of the grandeur of every generation of our [English] story", with the "rich treasure chamber beyond the dream of greed" but also that "their rooms are open for all that will be ". The arsenal collection that is on display at Warwick Castle is considered second only to the Tower of London.
Through the 20th century earphones in a row expanded the tourism potential until, in 1978, after 374 years in the Greville family, it was sold to media and entertainment company, Tussauds Group for Ã, £ 1.3m, which opened it as an attraction tours. Tussauds does extensive restoration to the castle and yard. In 2001, Warwick Castle was named one of Britain's "top 10 historic houses and monuments" by the British Tourism Authority; The list includes the Tower of London, Stonehenge, and Edinburgh Castle. Warwick Castle is recognized as the best British castle by Good Britain Guide 2003 . Around this time, the number has reached half a million visitors a year.
Following the March 2007 sale of the castle's owner, The Tussauds Group, to The Blackstone Group, the site was operated by Merlin Entertainments, a division of the company. In July of that year, Warwick Castle was sold to the Prestbury Group but continued to be operated by Merlin under a 35 year lease renewable.
Inheritance protection
The castle is protected against unauthorized changes as a Scheduled Ancient Monument in recognition of its status as an "important nationally" archeological site or historic building, and is a class I building listed alongside its parapet, stables, conservatories, factories and lodges.
On June 23, 2006, a stained-glass window worth £ 20,000 damaged by teenage troublemakers and stolen ceremonial sword, was discovered shortly thereafter.
Trebuchet Warwick
In June 2005, Warwick Castle became home to one of the largest siege engines in the world. Trebuchet has a height of 18 meters (59 feet), made of more than 300 pieces of oak and weighs 22 tons (24 tons short). It sits by the river under the castle.
The machine was built with images from the Danish life history museum, Middelaldercentret, which, in 1989, was the first to recreate a fully functional trebuchet. Built in Wiltshire with expertise from the Danish museum.
Trebuchet needed eight half-hour men to load and release. This process involves four people walking on 4 meters (13 feet) treadwheels high to lift the balancer, weighing 6 tons (7 tons short), into the air. It is designed to be able to throw a projectile up to 150 kilograms (330 lb) of distances up to 300 meters (980 feet) and as high as 25 meters (82 feet).
On August 21, 2006, Trebuchet claimed the record for the most powerful siege machine of its kind when it sent a 13 kilogram (29 pound) projectile at a distance of 240 meters (817 feet) at a speed of 195 kilometers per hour (121 mph), beating the previous record held by trebuchet at Middelaldercentret in Denmark.
On April 10, 2015, a warehouse of straw boats suddenly caught fire after gunfire was fired by a trebuchet. It was reported that the spark from the cannon ball had started a blaze even though a spokesman for the castle said the cause had not been set. Hundreds of tourists were evacuated from the castle, but the spokesman said they were not at risk. The Daily Telegraph describes the houseboat as "historic", "medieval" and dating 1896, when the 5th Earl built it for the house of an electric boat.
Seasonal Exhibition
Other attractions include "Flight of the Eagles", featuring archery, Jousting, "The Trebuchet Show" and "The Sword in the Stone Show". The Castle is also home to "The Castle Dungeon", a live actor experience similar to "London Dungeons". Warwick Castle is the subject of many ghost stories. One example is Fulke Greville who is said to haunt the Watergate Tower despite being killed at Holborn. The haunted castle reputation is used as a tourist attraction with events such as "Warwick Ghosts Alive", a live-action show that tells the story of Fulke Greville's murder. Music events in the castle have included carolling, with performances by bands such as Royal Spa Brass.
Layout
The current fortress, built in stone during the reign of King Henry II, is on the same site as the previous Norman motte-and-bailey castle. A remains used to stand on the motte located on the south west of the site, although most structures now date from the post-Middle Ages period. In the seventeenth century, the motte was overlaid with the addition of a path. The bailey is inserted into a new castle and surrounded by a stone curtain wall.
When Warwick Castle was rebuilt during the reign of King Henry II it had a new layout with buildings against the curtain wall. The castle is surrounded by a dry trench on the north side where there is no protection from the river or the old motte; the circumference of the wall is 130 meters (140 cm) width 82 meters (90 times). Two entrances to the castle are on the north and west walls. Initially there was a suspension bridge over a moat in the northeast. In the middle of the northwest wall is the gate with the Clarence and Bears towers on either side; this is a 15th century addition to the castle fort. The residential building lined the eastern side of the castle, overlooking the River Avon. These buildings include a large hall, library, bedroom and chapel.
Owner
During its 950-year history, Warwick Castle has been owned by 36 different individuals, plus four periods as a crowning property under seven different kings. It is a family seat of three separate creations from the Earls of Warwick, and has become a family home for members of the Beaumont family, Beauchamp, Neville, Plantagenet, Dudley and Greville. The first creations of the Earldom specifically include the right of inheritance through the female line, so the castle three times has a woman (or woman) as its owner. Eleven of the owners were under 20 years old when they inherited, including a two-year-old girl and a three-year-old boy. At least three owners were killed in battle, two were executed and one was killed. Every century except 21 have seen the work of large buildings or adaptations in the castle.
Land and park
The formal gardens belonging to Warwick Castle were first recorded in 1534. The 17th-century gardens added a spiral path to the fortress motte during Fulke Greville's restoration program. Francis Greville commissioned Lancelot Brown to redecorate the castle grounds; he began work on land and parks in 1749 and completed his work in 1757, after spending about Ã, £ 2,293 (Ã,  £ 280Ã, thousand in 2018). on the project. The park covers 2.8 square kilometers (690 hectares). Robert Marnock created the official gardens on castle grounds in 1868-69. Beginning in 1743 and originally known as the Shrine Garden, Castle Park is located south of the castle. His real name comes from the Knights Templar, which used to have a manor at Warwick. The houses around the park were destroyed and the ground where they stood was inserted into the garden. Efforts to benefit from the park at the end of the 18th century included leasing it for grazing, growing wheat, and raising sheep.
A water-powered plant on castle grounds may be built under Henry de Beaumont, First Earl of Warwick. In 1398 the factory had been moved outside the walls of the eastern castle, on the west bank of the River Avon. Both factories were flooded. In 1644, a machine house was added to the factory. The factory was reused as a power station after it stopped being used for grinding, but after Warwick Castle fitted the main power in 1940, the factory was no longer needed and unloaded in 1954. Adjacent to the factory was The Mill Garden. privately owned but open to the public. An interesting view of the castle can be seen from this park.
See also
- Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
- Kenilworth Castle
- List of castles in England
- List of owners of Warwick Castle
References
- Notes
- References
External links
- the official website of Warwick Castle
- Source bibliography pertaining to Warwick Castle
- Warwick Castle 360 ​​â € <â € • the degree of virtual panoramic photos by Visual360Media.com
- Mill Garden, Warwick
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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