Television encryption , often referred to as "randomization", is the encryption used to control access to pay-TV services, usually cable or satellite television services.
Video Television encryption
History
Pay television is there to generate revenue from customers, and sometimes customers do not pay. Prevention of piracy on cable and satellite networks has been a major factor in the development of the Pay TV encryption system.
Early cable-based TV networks do not use security. This causes problems with people connected to the network without paying. As a result, several methods are developed to thwart these self-connectors. Early Pay-TV systems for cable television are based on a number of simple steps. The most common of these are filter-based filters that will effectively stop the channels received by those who have not subscribed. This filter will be added or removed in accordance with the subscription. As the number of television channels on the wired network increases, filter-based approaches become increasingly impractical.
Other techniques such as adding annoying signals to video or audio are beginning to be used as simple filter solutions easily skipped. As technology develops, addressable set-top boxes become common, and more complex randomization techniques such as digital encryption from cuts or audio and video playbacks (where video lines are cut at a certain point and both parts are then reset around) point this) is applied to the signal.
Encryption is used to protect feeds that are distributed via satellite to cable television networks. Some systems are used for expensive cable feed distribution. As the DTH market grows, less secure systems begin to be used. Many of these systems (such as OAK Orion) are variants of a cable television randomization system that affects the video sync section, reverses the video signal, or adds a disruptive frequency to the video. All these analog ripping techniques are easily defeated.
In France, Canal launched a scrambled service in 1984. He also claimed that it was a system that could not be solved. Unfortunately for the company, an electronic magazine, "Radio Plans", published the design for a pirate decoder within a month of launching the channel.
In the US, HBO is one of the first services that encrypts signals using the VideoCipher II system. In Europe, FilmNet scrambled its satellite services in September 1986, thus creating one of the largest markets for satellite pirate satellite decoders in the world, as the system used by FilmNet is easily hacked. One of FilmNet's main attractions is going to be filming hard-core porn movies on various nights of the week. The VideoCipher II system proved to be somewhat difficult to hack, but ultimately fell prey to pirates.
Maps Television encryption
Conditional access
Early satellite television cable and encryption
Analog and digital pay-TVs have multiple conditional access systems used for pay-per-view (PPV) and other customer related services. Initially, analog cable television systems rely solely on set-top boxes to control access to programming, since television initially is not "ready for cable". Analog encryption is usually limited to premium channels like HBO or channels with adult-oriented content. In such cases, various methods of suppressing an exclusive video sync are used to control access to programming. In some of these systems, the required sync signal is on separate subcarriers although sometimes the sync polarity is only reversed; in this case, if used in conjunction with PAL, the SECAM L TV with the cable tuner can be used to partially decipher the signal even in black and white and with reverse illumination and thus a multi-standard TV that supports PAL L is preferred to decode color as well. However, this will cause part of the video signal to be received as audio as well and thus other TVs with preferably no auto mute should be used for audio decoding. The analog set-top boxes have been largely replaced by digital set-top boxes that can directly control access to programming and decryption signals digitally.
VideoCipher II RS (VCII RS) is a randomization system used by C-Band satellite TV channels. A VCII capable satellite receiver is required to decode the VCII channel. VCII has largely been replaced by DigiCipher 2 in North America. Initially, the VCII-based receiver has a separate modem technology for pay-per-view access known as Videopal. This technology becomes fully integrated in next generation analog satellite television receivers.
- VideoCipher I (no longer used)
- VideoCipher II (no longer used)
- VideoCipher II
- VideoCipher II RS (Renewable Security)
Encrypt cable and digital satellite
DigiCipher 2 is a video distribution system owned by General Instrument. DigiCipher 2 is based on MPEG-2. The 4DTV satellite receiver is required to read the DigiCipher 2 channel code. In North America, most digital cable programming is accessed with a DigiCipher 2 set-top box. DigiCipher 2 can also be referred to as DCII.
PowerVu is another popular digital encryption technology used for non-residential use. PowerVu was developed by Scientific Atlanta. Other commercial digital encryption systems are, Nagravision (by Kudelski), Viaccess (by France Telecom), and Wegener.
In the US, DirecTV's direct-broadcast satellite systems and Dish Network use digital encryption standards to control access to programming. DirecTV uses VideoGuard, a system designed by NDS. DirecTV has been cracked in the past, leading to the abundance of smart card cracks available on the black market. However, switching to a stronger form of smart card (P4 card) removes DirectTV hijacking soon after its introduction. Since then, there are no public cracks available. Dish Network uses Nagravision encryption (2 and 3).
In Canada, Bell TV and Shaw Direct DBS systems use digital encryption standards. Bell TV, like Dish Network, uses Nagravision for encryption. Shaw Direct uses a DigiCipher 2 based system that is very similar to the previous large 4DTV dish satellite system.
older television encryption system
Zenith Phonevision
Zenith Electronics developed an encryption scheme for their Phonevision system in the 1950s and 1960s.
Oak ORION
Oak Orion was originally used for access to analog satellite television channels in Canada. It's innovative for time because it uses digital audio. It has been completely replaced by digital encryption technology. Oak Orion was used by Sky Channel in Europe between 1982 and 1987. Oak developed an associated encryption system for cable TV and broadcasted pay TV services such as ONTV.
Leitch Technology
The Viewguard Leitch is an analogue encryption standard used primarily by broadcast TV networks in North America. The method of randomization is to reorder the lines of the video (Line Shuffle), but leave the audio intact. The terrestrial broadcast CATV system in Northern Canada uses this conditional access system for many years. It is only occasionally used today on some satellite circuits because of its similarity to D2-MAC and B-MAC.
There is also a version that encrypts audio using digital audio streams in horizontal blanking intervals such as VCII systems. One US network uses it for its affiliated feed and will turn off the analog sub-operator on the satellite feed.
B-MAC
B-MAC has not been used for DTH applications since PrimeStar switched to digital delivery systems in the mid-1990s.
VideoCrypt
VideoCrypt is an analog cutting system and play randomization with conditional access system based on smartcard. It was used in the 1990s by several European satellite broadcasters, notably British Sky Broadcasting. It is also used by Sky New Zealand (Sky-NZ). One version of Videocrypt (VideoCrypt-S) has the ability to randomize the sound. A soft encryption option is also available where an encrypted video can be transmitted with a fixed key and each VideoCrypt decoder can decode it.
RITC Discret 1
RITC Discret 1 is a system based on horizontal video line delay and audio randomization. The starting point of each line of pseudorandomly video is delayed by 0 ns, 902 ns, or 1804 ns. First used in 1984 by the French channel, Canal Plus, was widely compromised after the December 1984 edition of the "Plan Radio" plan printed a decoder plan.
SATPAC
Used by the FilmNet European channel, SATPAC interferes with horizontal and vertical sync signals and sends signals containing synchronization and authorization data on separate subcarriers. The system was first used in September 1986 and saw much improvement as it was easily compromised by pirates. In September 1992, FilmNet changed to D2-MAC EuroCrypt.
Telease MAAST/Sat-Tel HEMAT
Adding a sine wave disrupts the frequency of about 93,750 kHz to the video signal. This disturbing signal is approximately six times the horizontal refresh rate. It has optional voice randomization using Spectrum Inversion. Used in the UK by the BBC for its world service broadcast and by UK movie channel which is now dead "Premiere".
Payview III
Used by the German/Swiss Teleclub channel in the early 1990s, the system used various methods such as video inversions, sync signal modifications, and pseudo-line delay effects.
D2-MAC EuroCrypt
The Conditional Access System uses the D2-MAC standard. Developed primarily by France Telecom, the system is smartcard based. Encryption algorithm in smartcard is based on DES. It was one of the first smart card-based systems to be compromised.
Nagravision analog system
The older Nagravision system to scramble analog terrestrial satellite and TV programs was used in the 1990s, for example by German paid TV broadcaster Premiere. In this random-row system, 32 rows of PAL TV signals are temporarily stored in the encoder and decoder and read in restricted order under the control of pseudorandom number generators. A smartcard security microcontroller (in the key shaped packet) decrypts the transmitted data during the TV signal's discharging interval and extracts the random seed value needed to control the generation of random numbers. The system also allows the audio signal to be scrambled by reversing its spectrum at 12.8 kHz using a frequency mixer.
See also
- Conditional access
- Pirate decryption
References
External links
- rec.video.satellite.tvro FAQ
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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